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Roman Numerals Converter

Convert any number between 1 and 3999 to or from Roman numerals. Strict validation rejects invalid forms.

Roman Numerals

Convert any year (1–3999) to and from Roman numerals.

About the Roman Numerals Converter

Enter a number to get the Roman numeral form, or enter Roman numerals to get the numeric value. The converter validates strictly — only canonical forms (I, IV, V, IX, X, XL, L, XC, C, CD, D, CM, M) are accepted.

Standard Roman numerals only go up to 3999 (MMMCMXCIX). For higher numbers, additional notation is needed.

How it works

Roman → Arabic: scan left to right; if a numeral is smaller than the next one, subtract; otherwise add. The calculator validates strictly — only canonical forms (IV not IIII, IX not VIIII) are accepted. Arabic → Roman: greedy match against the symbol list M, CM, D, CD, C, XC, L, XL, X, IX, V, IV, I, repeating until exhausted.

Examples

  • 2026MMXXVI
  • MCMLIV1954
  • 49XLIX

Frequently asked questions

Why max 3999?
Standard Roman numerals stop at MMMCMXCIX (3999). Higher numbers historically used overlines to indicate multiplication by 1000, but that notation isn't common in modern use.
Why is IIII rejected?
Strict validation accepts only canonical Roman numerals. IIII is sometimes used on clock faces but isn't the formal standard — IV is.
Where are Roman numerals still used?
Movie copyrights ("MMXXIV"), book chapters, kings/popes ("Henry VIII"), Super Bowl numbers, and clock faces.